Nguon goc xuat xu B52: Tu ban ve Boeing den huyen thoai bau troi Ha Noi

Nhac den B52, phan lon nguoi Viet se nghi ngay toi nhung dem cuoi thang 12 nam 1972, khi bau troi Ha Noi rung len duoi nhung tham bom va tieng gam cua tam dong co phan luc. Nhung dang sau cai ten ngan gon ay la ca mot lich su ky thuat keo dai gan tam thap nien, bat dau tu mot ban yeu cau ky thuat cua Khong quan My ky nam 1945 va ket thuc o day chuyen lap rap tai Wichita, Kansas. Nguon goc xuat xu B52 vi the khong chi la cau chuyen "san xuat o dau", ma la cau chuyen ve cach mot quoc gia thiet ke lai mot loai may bay nem bom chien luoc nhieu lan truoc khi no kip cat canh.

Boi canh ra doi cua mot du an khong ai chac se thanh cong

Thang 11 nam 1945, chua day ba thang sau khi The chien thu hai ket thuc, Bo Tu lenh Khong quan My dua ra yeu cau cho mot may bay nem bom chien luoc tam xa the he moi. Cac chi tieu rat cu the: toc do hanh trinh khoang 480 km/h, ban kinh chien dau 8.000 km, mang duoc 4.500 kg bom, va co kha nang bay cao tren 12.000 met. Yeu cau nay xuat phat tu mot noi lo rat thuc te. Lien Xo khi do chua co may bay nem bom tam xa dang ke, nhung neu ho co bom hat nhan va may bay mang duoc no toi lanh tho My, thi nuoc My can mot phuong tien dap tra co the cat canh tu can cu noi dia va bay toi bat ky muc tieu nao o ban cau ben kia.

Boeing, Convair va Martin cung tham gia goi thau. Convair da co B-36 dang dong, mot con quai vat sau dong co day canh quat. Martin trinh Model 232. Boeing trinh Model 462. Ban dau Boeing thang voi Model 462, mot thiet ke canh thang, sau dong co tuoc bin canh quat Wright T35, trong luong cat canh len toi 136.000 kg. Nhin lai, day gan nhu la mot sai lam. Khong quan My nhanh chong nhan ra Model 462 khong du tam bay, khong du nhanh, va dong co T35 van con nam tren giay.

Tu Model 462 den Model 464: bon lan lam lai trong bon nam

Giua nam 1946 va cuoi nam 1948, Boeing lien tuc ve lai thiet ke. Model 464 ra doi voi bon dong co tuoc bin canh quat va canh thang. den thang 10 nam 1948, phien ban Model 464-35 chuyen sang canh xuoi, mot thay doi ky thuat mang tinh buoc ngoat vi canh xuoi cho phep bay nhanh hon ma van giu duoc luc nang o toc do can am. Nhung van con mot van de chua ai giai quyet: dong co. Cac mau tuoc bin canh quat khi do chua du tin cay, va mot may bay nem bom chien luoc bay suot 10 tieng tren khong phai la cho de thu nghiem dong co moi.

Nam 1949, Boeing dua ra hai phuong an dua tren dong co phan luc Pratt & Whitney JT3, tuc J57 sau nay. Phuong an Model 464-49 co canh xuoi va bon dong co, nhung bon dong co van khong du luc day cho trong luong du kien. Phien ban cuoi cung, Model 464-67, gan tam dong co J57 thanh bon cap treo duoi canh. day chinh la cau hinh da di vao lich su. Viec tang so dong co gap doi khong phai la mot giai phap thanh lich, nhung no la giai phap duy nhat kha thi vao thoi diem do. No cung tao ra mot he qua ky thuat keo dai hang chuc nam: chi phi bao duong dong co cua B52 luon cao hon so voi cac may bay bon dong co cung the he.

Chuyen bay dau tien va noi chiec B52 duoc sinh ra

Ngay 15 thang 4 nam 1952, chiec YB-52 mang so hieu 49-2311 cat canh tu san bay Boeing Field o Seattle, do phi cong thu nghiem Tex Johnston va Guy Townsend dieu khien. Buoi bay keo dai khoang hai tieng va trai qua gan nhu khong co truc trac lon nao, mot dieu hiem gap voi may bay hoan toan moi. Chiec XB-52 thu hai, von duoc thiet ke de bay truoc, lai phai cho toi ngay 2 thang 10 nam 1952 vi hong he thong thuy luc trong luc thu duoi mat dat.

Nguon goc xuat xu B52 ve mat dia ly gan chat voi hai nha may cua Boeing. Nhung chiec dau tien duoc lap rap tai Plant II o Seattle, bang Washington. Nhung khi khong quan My dat hang voi so luong lon, day chuyen duoc chuyen ve Nha may Wichita o bang Kansas, noi co du dien tich va duong bang de san xuat hang tram chiec. Tong cong 744 chiec B52 thuoc moi phien ban da duoc che tao, chiec cuoi cung la B-52H roi xuong thang 10 nam 1962. Noi cach khac, toan bo doi bay B52 tung ton tai tren the gioi deu duoc dong trong khoang muoi nam.

Nhung con so dinh hinh nen chiec may bay

Mot chiec B-52H co sai canh 56,4 met, chieu dai than 48,5 met, chieu cao 12,4 met. Trong luong cat canh toi da khoang 220.000 kg, trong do nhien lieu chiem toi hon 140.000 kg. Tam bay khong tiep lieu khoang 14.000 km, va con so do co the keo dai gan nhu vo han neu duoc tiep nhien lieu tren khong. Khoang bom chua duoc hon 31.000 kg vu khi, chua tinh sau gia treo duoi canh mang them ten lua hanh trinh. Voi 70 qua bom 227 kg moi lan cat canh, B52 co the san phang mot khu vuc rong vai kilomet vuong trong mot luot bay.

Phien ban B-52H ra doi nam 1961 voi dong co tuoc bin phan luc canh quat TF33 thay cho J57, giup tang tam bay khoang 20% va giam tieng on dang ke. day cung la phien ban duy nhat con phuc vu den ngay nay. Con so 76 chiec B-52H con lai trong bien che Khong quan My la ket qua cua nhieu dot cat giam, gom ca giai doan giai tru vu khi sau Chien tranh Lanh khi hang tram chiec bi thao do theo Hiep uoc START.

B52 trong chien tranh Viet Nam

Chiec B52 dau tien duoc dua vao hoat dong tai dong Nam a tu thang 6 nam 1965, trong cac dot nem bom thuoc chien dich Arc Light nham vao cac khu vuc duoc cho la can cu cua luc luong giai phong mien Nam. Ban dau chung xuat phat tu can cu Andersen o dao Guam, sau do la can cu U-Tapao o Thai Lan va san bay Phu Loi gan Bien Hoa. Moi phi vu keo dai tu 8 den 12 tieng, co tiep nhien lieu tren khong.

dinh diem la chien dich Linebacker II, keo dai tu ngay 18 den 29 thang 12 nam 1972, voi hon 700 phi vu B52 nem xuong Ha Noi, Hai Phong va mot so khu vuc lan can khoang 20.000 tan bom. day la lan dau tien B52 duoc su dung voi mat do day dac nhu vay trong toan bo cuoc chien. Khoang 15 chiec B52 bi ban roi trong 12 ngay dem do, phan lon boi ten lua phong khong SA-2 cua Quan doi Nhan dan Viet Nam. Cai ten dien Bien Phu tren khong ra doi tu chinh nhung dem nay.

Su that ky thuat it nguoi de y la B52 khong he duoc thiet ke de bay thap. o do cao 10.000 met, no la muc tieu cong kenh tren man hinh radar, va hoan toan phu thuoc vao he thong nhieu dien tu cung may bay ho tong de song sot. Khi cac to hop phong khong duoc cai tien va bo sung radar dan duong, loi the ky thuat cua B52 bi thu hep nhanh chong. Sau nam 1972, khong luc My rut B52 khoi cac nhiem vu nem bom chien thuat o mien Nam.

Khong chi co may bay mang ten B52

dieu thu vi la nguon goc xuat xu B52 con co mot nhanh khac hoan toan khong lien quan den quan su. Nam 1977, mot bartender ten Peter Fich lam viec tai khach san Banff Springs o tinh Alberta, Canada, pha ra mot loai cocktail ba tang gom ruou ca phe Kahlua o duoi, kem sua Baileys o giua va ruou cam Grand Marnier o tren. ong dat ten no la B-52 vi hinh dang ly va tang lop nguyen lieu goi nho toi chiec may bay nem bom dang la tam diem tin tuc thoi bay gio. Mot so nguon khac cho rang cong thuc duoc hoan thien o San Francisco cung khoang thoi gian, nhung phien ban Banff Springs van duoc ghi nhan pho bien nhat.

Cung can phan biet voi B-52 cua hang bia hay cac dong nuoc giai khat nang luong tung dung ten nay o chau au, nhung thu chi muon cai ten da thanh thuong hieu chu khong co quan he thiet ke nao voi Boeing.

Vi sao cai ten B52 van chua chiu roi bau troi

Sau hon 60 nam phuc vu, B52 la mot trong so it may bay quan su co tuoi tho vuot qua ca nhung nguoi thiet ke no. Khong quan My du kien giu B-52H den khoang nam 2050, nghia la gan mot the ky bay. Ke hoach thay dong co bang Rolls-Royce F130, thay radar bang he thong APG-79, va nang cap he thong chien tranh dien tu dang duoc trien khai, du chi phi va tien do nhieu lan bi dieu chinh. Ly do rat don gian: khung than B52 con du do ben, khoang chua vu khi con rong, va khong co mau may bay nem bom moi nao du re de thay the hang loat.

Nhin lai toan bo hanh trinh tu ban yeu cau ky nam 1945 den nhung chiec B-52H con nam trong nha chua o Barksdale, nguon goc xuat xu B52 la mot cau chuyen ve su kien nhan ky thuat. Bon lan ve lai thiet ke, mot lan doi tu tuoc bin canh quat sang phan luc, mot lan nhan doi so dong co, ba nha may tham gia san xuat o hai bang khac nhau, va 744 chiec duoc dong trong muoi nam. Khong co yeu to nao trong so do la may man. do la chuoi quyet dinh cua nhung ky su hieu rang mot may bay nem bom chien luoc khong can thanh lich, no chi can cat canh duoc, bay toi noi can toi, va tro ve.